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  • Question What is the difference between FLIP and FLUSH(SHAKE)?
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    Answer The difference can be as follows:
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    Detail
    Comparison with FLUSH(SHAKE) I
    Soil state and load condition

    Soil state Load Phenomenon SHAKE FLUSH FLIP
    Stiffness reduction due to ordinary nonlinearity of soil earthquake ○ ○ ○
    gravity active failure × × ○
    Stiffness reduction due to liquefaction earthquake × × ○
    gravity residual deformation × × ○

    Comparison with FLUSH (SHAKE) II Evaluation items

    SHAKE FLUSH FLIP
    Analysis method 1D 2D  2D
    Total stress Total stress Effective stress
    Condition Items equivalent linear equivalent linear  nonlinear
    Liquefiable condition liquefaction triggering ○ ○  ○
    residual deformation × ×  ○
    maximum displacement × ×  ○
    Structural force (residual) × ×  ○
    Structural force (maximum) × ×  ○
    Non liquefiable condition
    (measures against liquefaction)    		 residual deformation × ×  ○
    maximum displacement(by earthquake) ○ ○ ○
    Structural force (residual) × × ○
    Structural force (maximum) × ○ ○
    Note applicable only to horizontally layered ground  
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